NREMT Crash Course Practice Exam

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• What term describes a low volume of circulating blood relative to the size of the vascular space?
• Bruising behind the ears is called which sign?
• What are the four major signs of late shock?
• In EMS operations, what term describes the staging area used when a scene is not yet secured but responders are kept at a safe distance until cleared?
• Which ambulance design uses a truck chassis with a modular ambulance body?
• Asthma triggers may include which of the following?
• Diverticulitis typically develops in individuals over 40 with what dietary pattern?
• Which genetic disorder causes thick mucus production and chronic lung infections, often with gastrointestinal problems?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for an infant?
• Which reflex occurs when something is placed in the palm and the infant grips?
• Inhalants, including acetones and glues, are commonly abused and can cause brain damage and cardiac arrest. Which category do they belong to?
• For children and infants, two rescuers perform CPR with which ratio?
• The brain stem includes midbrain, pons, and medulla and controls essential body functions, such as breathing and consciousness. Which structure is this?
• Which phase serves as a warning sign before a seizure begins?
• Kehr's sign indicates referred pain to which area?
• What does DCAP-BTLS stand for?
• Which type of documentation is based on facts and observations and is designed to be as accurate as possible?
• Which symptom listed indicates GI bleeding, such as dark, tarry stool?
• Severe hypoglycemia due to insulin overdose is best called which?
• What is the commonly cited normal human body temperature in Fahrenheit?
• Pneumothorax may present with which of the following findings?
• Which head injury often presents with a brief loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval and then rapid deterioration?
• Which category of agents is used to cause disease and often presents with fever and respiratory symptoms?
• In a patient with a suspected gastrointestinal bleed, which sign would most strongly indicate hypovolemic shock?
• Which compensatory mechanism is typically activated in early shock?
• A person can be guilty of which crime even if another person only perceives that the person intended to cause harm, because physical contact is not required?
• When should the PCR be completed?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure range for toddlers?
• Which move is used when the patient has a potentially life-threatening injury or illness and must be moved quickly for evaluation and transport?
• A dislodged clot from a deep vein thrombosis can cause which complication?
• What is pneumothorax?
• Which vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
• What is described as a normal blood glucose range?
• Which agent type is characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, anxiety, nausea, tachypnea, seizures, and possible respiratory arrest?
• In EMS documentation, what does the acronym FACT stand for?
• Unless cleared by a hazmat specialist, an EMT is expected to _____ ______ and not begin ______ ______ until patients have been decontaminated or otherwise cleared by hazmat crews.
• Which organs are considered solid and may bleed when injured?
• The most frequently used method of artificial ventilations in the prehospital setting, providing about 15 L/min of almost 100% oxygen and reducing biohazard risk, is which device?
• Under FACT guidelines, the PCR should be complete unless circumstances dictate it appropriate to omit information.
• Which statement about a newborn's head is true?
• Which option correctly defines reassessment?
• In diabetic ketoacidosis, blood glucose is typically over which level?
• Bleeding within brain tissue is best described as which condition?
• What is the buildup of plaque in the arteries called?
• Which type of abdominal pain is dull and diffuse, often associated with nausea and vomiting and may indicate injury to an internal organ?
• Which term refers to the skeleton primarily composed of the skull, spine, and rib cage?
• In compensated shock, which presentation best describes the body's response?
• The only place in the respiratory system where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
• An immediate physiological and psychological reaction to a specific event describes which type of stress?
• Which term describes the combined amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume?
• Crush injuries can lead to which condition?
• Death of brain tissue due to interruption of blood flow is called what?
• Which method is used primarily for cervical spine immobilization and allows CPR and artificial ventilation, requiring four people?
• During which phase is muscle rigidity present and incontinence may occur?
• Which urgent move is used for patients in motor vehicle crashes and requires multiple rescuers and a long backboard, with manual cervical spine precautions during transfer?
• Diverticulitis presents with pain in which quadrant?
• Which wound is a jagged cut best described as?
• Which of the following is a common sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?
• What term describes a newborn from birth to one month of age?
• Which action is NOT recommended when managing an open abdominal injury with protruding organs?
• Which solid organ occupies most of the right upper quadrant, helps to break down fats, filters toxins, and produces cholesterol?
• Which device is usually the preferred method of oxygen administration in prehospital care and is considered high-flow, delivering up to 90% O2 at 10-15 L/min?
• In START triage, which color tag corresponds to Minor priority?
• Approximately 625 liters corresponds to which cylinder?
• The term for the adequate circulation of oxygenated blood throughout the body, necessary to maintain homeostasis is known as what?
• External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between which structures?
• Which statement correctly defines a hemorrhagic stroke?
• What is an EMT's first priority ALWAYS?
• Which is the most widely abused drug in the United States and can cause delirium tremens on withdrawal?
• Beck's triad is classically associated with which condition?
• Which cylinder has an approximate capacity of about 350 liters?
• What is the term for children aged one to three years?
• What is the term for the arterial pressure between heart contractions?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure range for school-age children?
• Which chronic lung disease includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is commonly caused by cigarette smoking?
• Which term describes the amount of air that does not participate in gas exchange?
• The flexible catheter often called whistle-tip is the French catheter. Which of the following choices correctly identifies it?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for an infant?
• In a cold environment, exhaled air is warmed within the body and heat is lost on exhalation through which process?
• The 1966 NAS paper Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society is commonly referred to as which term, and is considered the birth of modern EMS?
• Which vertebral region contains 12 vertebrae?
• Which seizure type is characterized by preserved consciousness with focal, unilateral symptoms?
• Most skull fractures are which type and do not present with deformity?
• Which agents cause lung injury and are commonly known as choking agents?
• Pulse pressure is normally which range as a percentage of systolic pressure?
• With a conscious adult foreign-body airway obstruction, which item is listed as a potential obstruction?
• A device used to improve ventilatory efficiency in spontaneously breathing patients in respiratory distress. Indications include conscious patients in moderate to severe respiratory distress, tachypnea, and pulse ox below 90%. Which device is this?
• Blockage of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot or other obstruction is known as which condition?
• What is the severity of a head injury with a GCS between 13-15?
• In EMS, a glucometer should be used for which patients?
• What happens to blood glucose when insulin moves glucose into cells?
• How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
• Which systemic heat emergency is characterized by hot and dry skin and potential seizures?
• Which statement about the warm zone is true?
• Which condition is characterized by sudden weight gain, visual disturbances, facial and hand swelling, headaches, and hypertension in the third trimester?
• Which type of agent is used to cause disease and commonly presents with fever and flu-like symptoms?
• Which level of trauma centers is described as having limited services and the ability to stabilize trauma patients?
• Pulmonary edema is defined as which of the following?
• Which stage of shock represents the final stage in which the patient is unlikely to survive?
• Which directive states never approach a helicopter from the rear?
• Which sign is commonly associated with cardiac tamponade?
• The coccyx consists of how many fused vertebrae?
• Perfusion is best described as what?
• Which event is listed as an example when describing mechanism of injury?
• In pneumothorax, what might be heard over the injured area?
• Spurting, bright red blood is best described as which type of bleed?
• What is the majority type of stroke?
• In START triage, which color tag corresponds to Immediate priority?
• Which zone is where most treatment is performed and EMS providers typically stay?
• What are the lower and larger chambers of the heart called?
• Which region of the brain includes midbrain, pons, and medulla and controls breathing and consciousness?
• Which level trauma center is described as capable of stabilizing trauma patients and transferring to a Level 1 trauma center?
• Which level’s scope includes CPR, AED, Oral airways, airway obstruction, manual airway techniques, BVM ventilation, oxygen therapy, airway suctioning, manual BP, auto injector, bleeding control, and assisted childbirth?
• The brain cannot use which energy sources?
• Which describes agonal breaths?
• Bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is characteristic of which condition, often venous in origin after a head injury?
• Which category of blast injuries is characterized by injuries from the pressure wave affecting air-filled organs?
• In negligence, what does causation (proximate cause) mean?
• Which obstetric condition involves seizures following preeclampsia and is life-threatening for mother and fetus?
• Which type of shock results from widespread vasodilation causing blood pooling and relative hypovolemia?
• Gloves and eye protection during patient contact are examples of which level of PPE?
• Which term describes the early stage of shock in which the body can still compensate for hypoperfusion?
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for adolescents?
• What obstetric emergency occurs when the developing embryo implants outside the uterus, most often in the fallopian tube, and can rupture causing severe bleeding?
• Which skull fracture may be noticeable upon palpation due to bone being displaced into brain tissue?
• Which solid organ located in the left upper quadrant filters blood?
• Peritonitis can lead to a life-threatening infection and septic shock. Which complication is possible?
• Which seizure type typically features automatisms and impaired awareness?
• Delirium tremens is a withdrawal syndrome most commonly associated with which substance?
• Which condition involves the placenta detaching from the uterine wall prematurely, causing bleeding and potential fetal distress?
• Burns with associated trauma, such as fractures, are classified as which severity?
• Patients with which types of shock should not be placed supine?
• In extrication situations, federal law requires EMS workers wear approved ______ when working on roadways, around traffic, or at an accident scene.
• In the 1970s, which federal agency developed the first EMT National Standard Curriculum including textbooks and paramedic NSC?
• Under which set of conditions may EMTs release patient information without the patient's consent?
• Lines the outer surface of the lungs.
• Which action is part of the standard four-step approach to manage shock?
• What is the base station called that receives low-power transmissions from portable or mobile radios and rebroadcasts at higher power to extend the range?
• Which hollow organ is the primary site for digestion of fats via enzymes and nutrient absorption?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for school-age children?
• Defusing sessions for Critical Incident Stress Management are typically held within how many hours of the incident?
• Which S/S indicate frostbite?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
• Which term describes medications that enter the body through any means other than enteral?
• What is the maximum recommended duration of suctioning for infants?
• Which term describes physically touching another person without their consent?
• Which solid organ is part of the urinary system that controls fluid balance, filters waste, and controls pH?
• The patient's primary reason for calling EMS
• Which condition is characterized by bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production, often presenting with wheezing?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the six rights of medication administration?
• Which hollow organ in the left upper quadrant receives food, begins breaking it down, and sends it to the small intestine?
• Cylinders with about 5,000 liters of capacity include which?
• Which category is used when there are no hazards and no life-threatening conditions apparent, and includes direct ground lift, extremity lift, direct carry method, and draw sheet method?
• What term describes conduct that goes beyond simple negligence and shows an indifference to a legal duty?
• What is the typical range for normal adult blood pressure?
• How is Minute Volume calculated?
• What treatment artificially removes excess fluid and waste products from the blood in kidney failure?
• Transient chest pain due to a temporary oxygen supply-demand mismatch in the heart is best described as which condition?
• What is the severity of a head injury with a GCS between 9-12?
• Heat exhaustion is a systemic heat emergency featuring which of the following?
• Which scenario would require notifying law enforcement due to potential crime?
• The coccyx is formed by how many fused vertebrae?
• After eating, what range is not uncommon for blood glucose?
• There are two portions of the motor division of the PNS. Which are they?
• Which hollow organ includes the colon and rectum and occupies the outer border of the abdomen?
• Without oxygen, permanent brain damage is likely within how many minutes?
• Which bone forms the anterior portion of the pelvis?
• Fluid accumulates within the pericardial sac and compresses the heart; this condition is called:
• Which statement best describes the late signs of shock?
• Which cardiac condition results from the heart's inability to pump effectively, causing fluid back-up?
• What term describes the position seated with head elevated and knees bent?
• What is the involuntary portion of the peripheral nervous system that has two divisions?
• Which condition involves seizures in a pregnant patient with hypertension due to preeclampsia?
• Which term describes medications that enter the body through the digestive system?
• During patient assessment, when do you determine the number of patients and the need for additional resources?
• The sacrum is formed by how many fused vertebrae?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with stroke, aneurysm, tumors, migraines, trauma, and meningitis?
• Which phase is commonly accompanied by apnea during seizures?
• Which reflex is stimulated by touching the lips?
• Which category describes the bones of the limbs and girdles?
• These are all signs of what in pediatric patients: bradycardia and poor muscle tone; altered level of consciousness; head bobbing, and grunting on exhalation; seesaw breathing.
• What term refers to written instructions signed by the patient that state their wishes regarding treatment and resuscitation, including do-not-resuscitate orders and living wills?
• Which statement is true about solid abdominal organs?
• What is the predominant type of stroke?
• What is the term for children aged three to six years?
• Which of the following are risk factors for heart disease?
• Which condition presents with pale, cold skin and loss of sensation in the affected area but tissue is not yet frozen?
• Abduction is movement ___ the midline.
• Which division sends sensory information to the CNS?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with pulmonary embolism?
• Which characteristic of the PCR ensures it is not opinion-based?
• Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs?
• Which brain injury is characterized by rapid onset of symptoms including altered LOC, brief loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, irritability, repetitive questioning, vision problems, and amnesia?
• Which symptom combination is typical of septic shock?
• Which agent is referred to as a 'blood agent' because it prevents the body's ability to use oxygen at the cellular level?
• Direct transfer of heat through contact with a colder surface is called?
• The flexible catheter best known as whistle-tip is used for suctioning the nose, stoma, or inside an advanced airway device. Which catheter is this?
• What is the referred pain in the shoulder caused by blood in the peritoneal cavity?
• Which airway adjunct is used to prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway in unresponsive patients without a gag reflex?
• This type of shock is caused by a pump problem due to mechanical obstruction of the heart muscle.
• During the Golden Period, after packaging the patient for transport, what is the next required step?
• Which category comprises agents designed to cause disease and produce flu-like symptoms?
• What serves as the backup pacemaker, generating electrical impulses at 40-60 beats per minute?
• Which statement describes DCAP-BTLS or its components most accurately?
• The study of how drugs enter the body, are metabolized, and eliminated is called what?
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for toddlers?
• Medications that enter the body through the digestive system are called?
• What is the term for the arterial pressure during heart contraction?
• The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is called what?
• Which bone forms the anterior portion of the pelvis?
• What is the pressure exerted against arterial walls while the left ventricle is at rest?
• In extended extrication scenarios with multiple patients and a distance greater than 20 miles to a trauma center, which transport mode is indicated?
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for a neonate?
• Bleeding into the subarachnoid space due to trauma or ruptured aneurysm describes which condition?
• Which statement is correct about the somatic nervous system's role?
• What is the most common reason EMS providers are sued civilly?
• Which term refers to a brand name typically trademarked by the manufacturer?
• Seizures are caused by what mechanism?
• Heat cramps are a local heat emergency primarily caused by
• Which type of organs spill their contents when injured, posing a risk of infection?
• Which symptom is most commonly associated with orthopnea?
• If a newborn weighs 7 pounds at birth, what is the approximate weight at six months?
• What is the normal adult respiratory rate?
• Slow oozing of dark red blood that may be mixed with clearish fluid describes which type of bleed?
• How many cervical vertebrae are there?
• Which class of agents is most associated with dizziness, weakness, anxiety, nausea, tachypnea, seizures, and respiratory arrest?
• Which cylinder has the largest capacity among D, E, M, and H?
• At what age can an infant begin teething, sit upright, and track objects visually?
• In extreme hypothermia, shivering may cease.
• Tabun, Sarin, Soman, VX are examples of:
• What is the term for airway obstruction caused by a foreign object?
• Which is the most dangerous local cold emergency, where tissue becomes frozen?
• Which type of abdominal pain causes pain in an area of the body other than the source?
• Which concept helps predict injuries and guide treatment decisions by determining how the injury occurred?
• What formal process helps emergency workers cope with stress, including defusing and debriefing sessions?
• What does NHTSA stand for?
• CPAP stands for which of the following?
• The autonomic nervous system is the involuntary portion of the motor division.
• Which bone is the lateral bone of the lower leg?
• Which of the following is a patient factor influencing heat and cold emergencies?
• Lines the outer surface of the lungs.
• A sucking chest wound is an open chest injury that penetrates the pleural space and draws air during inhalation. What is the recommended dressing?
• What is the normal infant respiratory rate?
• Loss of heat through evaporation of water from the skin is called?
• Which agent class is associated with rapid onset of dizziness, weakness, and seizures due to impairment of cellular oxygen use?
• Two systemic effects of heat on the body are
• Which zone lies between the hot and cold zones?
• Which ambulance design corresponds to a standard van design?
• An injury caused by a flap of skin torn partially or completely loose is called?
• Low-flow oxygen is delivered at 1 to 6 L/min and up to 24-44% O2. Which device is commonly used for this delivery?
• The use of a disposable gown and mask for significant contact with body fluids, and HEPA mask or N-95 respirator for airborne exposure, falls under which PPE level?
• Which lung volume helps keep the lungs open after exhalation?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for toddlers?
• Which seizure type involves altered level of consciousness with possible focal twitching or sensory changes?
• Primary triage occurs:
• With a conscious infant with a foreign-body airway obstruction, what do you need to do/administer?
• Which term describes the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath?
• Lower GI bleeds are commonly associated with diverticulitis according to the material. Which condition is the most likely cause?
• Which condition is defined by sustained blood glucose greater than about 120 mg/dL?
• What is the full name of the curriculum abbreviated as NEMSES?
• What structure connects muscle to bone?
• What is the maximum recommended duration of suctioning for pediatric patients?
• Which joint allows free distal end motion such as the shoulder?
• Which agency oversees regulations concerning workplace safety, including infectious disease precautions?
• Which sign is commonly observed during an acute asthma attack?
• Which hormone helps move glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells?
• What is an implanted device that regulates heart rate and rhythm by delivering electrical impulses to stimulate the heart called?
• Joint with limited motion between the pubic bones.
• Which set of signs is associated with neurogenic shock?
• In single rescuer CPR, which statement correctly describes the protocol?
• A narrow pulse pressure is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which ambulance design is a specialty van design with a square patient compartment mounted on the chassis?
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for school-age children?
• Which term describes signs or symptoms you have reason to suspect but the patient denies having?
• Which condition is a pseudo-shock caused by sudden, temporary vasodilation leading to syncope (fainting)?
• The Rule of Nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area burned.
• Which system relays digital information instead of voice transmissions and can display the address of the call and routing information?
• Which statement best describes a first-degree burn?
• Which type of abdominal pain is severe and localized, often causing the patient to kneel with shallow breathing?
• Which reflex is defined by hypertension, bradycardia, and an altered respiratory pattern in response to increased intracranial pressure?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for a neonate?
• Which bone is the medial bone of the lower leg?
• Which nervous system division is considered voluntary control?
• With a conscious adult who has a foreign-body airway obstruction, what do you need to do/administer?
• A steady flow of dark red blood is most characteristic of which type of bleed?
• Which term describes a stroke caused by blockage of brain blood flow?
• Which milestone is typically achieved by 12 months?
• Which organization regulates all radio operations in the United States and has allocated EMS-specific frequencies?
• In START triage, which color tag is assigned to patients who can walk with minor injuries?
• Which condition is commonly associated with third-trimester onset, sudden weight gain, visual disturbances, facial or hand swelling, headaches, and hypertension?
• Which of the following is an early sign of shock?
• In pediatric airway anatomy, which statement is true?
• Which dietary factor commonly worsens cholecystitis symptoms after fatty meals?
• During inhalation, which statement about the diaphragm is true?
• In pediatric anatomy, which statement best describes head size in relation to the body?
• Which technique is commonly used to place a patient on a backboard or assess the posterior and requires at least three trained personnel?
• What structure connects bone to bone?
• Where do you check pulse in infants who are suspected to have gone through cardiac arrest?
• What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
• Which sign is most characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Which technique is commonly used to place a patient on a backboard or assess the posterior, requiring at least three trained personnel?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure for a neonate?
• Which clinical condition is characterized by hematemesis, hematochezia, dark tarry stool, and signs of hypovolemic shock?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for adults?
• All moderate burn criteria for patients under 5 or over 55 years of age indicate severe.
• Which of the following is considered artificial ventilation (positive pressure ventilation) methods?
• In a patient with a history of alcoholism who is vomiting large amounts of bright red blood and shows signs of hypovolemic shock, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which infection is described as not contagious in the material?
• Bruising of brain tissue with potential edema and symptoms including concussion signs and focal neurologic abnormalities describes which injury?
• Inadequate delivery of oxygen to the cells is called?
• Primary triage is best described as:
• In pediatric anatomy, which set of adjectives correctly completes the sentence: the tongue is larger in proportion to the airway; the airway is more easily obstructed; the head is larger in proportion to the body?
• Generalized seizures (grand mal) are characterized by which features?
• Contraindications to CPAP include all of the following except which?
• In the 1980s, which organization increased the emphasis on cardiovascular disease prevention, science, and education, leading to additional levels of EMS training but with a lack of unity in scope?
• Which injury is often accompanied by edema and signs of concussion and includes symptoms such as decreasing mental status, unresponsiveness, pupillary changes, or changes in vital signs?
• Expanded PPE includes protective measures such as disposable gowns and masks for significant contact, and HEPA or N-95 respirators for airborne exposure. Which option correctly describes Expanded PPE?
• Which lifting technique uses the legs to lift, keeps the object close to the body, with a power grip and palms up?
• Ischemic stroke is most commonly due to which mechanism?
• The Rule of Nines is used to estimate what?
• Secondary blast injuries are caused by:
• Which method is excellent for staircases or tight spaces but does not allow manual cervical spine protection, CPR, or ventilation?
• What systolic range is typical for normal adolescent blood pressure?
• A systemic cold emergency affecting the entire body is known as
• A puncture wound is categorized as which type of wound?
• Which condition occurs when kidneys are no longer able to function effectively, leading to accumulation of water and toxins, and may require dialysis?
• Which system includes all nervous system structures outside the CNS, including cranial and peripheral nerves?
• Hemothorax is defined as?
• The brain primarily uses which type of respiration to generate energy?
• Appendicitis is caused by inflammation of the appendix. Which symptoms commonly accompany it?
• What term describes the delivery of the fetus before it is capable of surviving, typically before 20–22 weeks?
• How should impaled objects be managed?
• Which type of chemical agent causes blistering of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract and requires irrigation with copious amounts of water after exposure?
• Which category is primarily involved in causing respiratory tract irritation with symptoms such as dyspnea and cough?
• Which term describes a newborn from birth to one month of age?
• What is the brain's primary fuel source?
• External respiration primarily occurs where?
• Which term describes a sharp, clean cut?
• Which of the following would be considered a sign rather than a symptom?
• Which wound is a puncture wound categorized as?
• Which device measures blood glucose in the field?
• What term describes high blood pressure in pregnancy defined as at least 140/90 measured twice at least six hours apart, with symptoms similar to preeclampsia?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for preschoolers?
• The correct rate for artificial ventilation for neonates is one breath every ___ to ____ seconds (40 to 60 times per minute).
• Which seizure type is classically associated with brief episodes of staring and impaired awareness, often called Petit Mal?
• During inhalation, what happens to intrathoracic pressure?
• The axial skeleton includes which structures?
• Which symptom is a warning sign of an abdominal vascular issue, such as an aneurysm?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four core values used to evaluate negligence in EMS?
• An open neck injury should be treated by covering the wound with what?
• Which bone articulates with the knee and is the medial bone of the lower leg?
• Oxygenation is defined as which?
• Where do you check pulse in adults and children who are suspected to have gone through cardiac arrest?
• Which statement correctly lists the seven main early signs of shock?
• A stress reaction that develops after the stressful event and PTSD is an example of which type of stress?
• Which hollow organ stores bile produced by the liver?
• What is the term for the period that begins at the injury and ends when definitive care is provided, during which survival rates are highly time-dependent?
• In decompensated shock, what happens to the patient’s blood pressure?
• Which statement best defines cellular respiration?
• Flail chest is defined as what?
• What is the maximum recommended duration of suctioning for an adult?
• Which finding best indicates a flail chest?
• What condition occurs when a pregnant woman lies on her back and the fetus compresses the inferior vena cava, causing dizziness and hypotension?
• Immersion foot results from prolonged exposure to cold and water. What is another name for this condition?
• Which statement best describes a partial thickness burn?
• Hypovolemic shock is primarily caused by loss of circulating blood volume due to what?
• Which type of shock results from spinal cord injury and is marked by massive vasodilation below the level of injury, with warm skin and a non-tachycardic pulse?
• What are the components in reassessment?
• Which stage of labor begins with the onset of contractions and ends with complete cervical dilation to 10 cm?
• Which route is described as Directly into the muscle with rapid absorption?
• Compared with an external AED, an automatic implanted defibrillator (AICD) has which characteristic?
• What is the term for ending patient care after it has begun without transferring to an equal or higher medical authority?
• Which pediatric condition involves inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea with a barking cough and stridor?
• Which bone forms the upper portion of the pelvis?
• Which solid organ is primarily involved in producing insulin?
• A burn with full-thickness burns 2-10% TBSA and partial-thickness burns 15-30% TBSA would be categorized as which severity?
• Without oxygen, brain damage begins within about how many minutes?
• With an unconscious patient with a foreign-body airway obstruction, what do you need to do/administer?
• Altered or decreased level of consciousness, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and bradycardia (especially in pediatrics) are signs of which stage of hypoxia?
• Which seizure type is also known as Petit Mal seizures and is characterized by brief lapses in consciousness with little or no motor activity?
• Which sound is typically heard as a high-pitched exhale in airway obstruction?
• NIMS stands for what?
• Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of blast injuries?
• Primary blast injuries are caused by:
• Which term best describes the movement of air in and out of the lungs?
• Which is a class of CNS depressants that includes Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?
• Bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid space due to trauma or ruptured aneurysm describes which type of hemorrhage?
• Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum. Which symptom cluster is typical?
• Which agents cause skin and eye irritation and require irrigation after exposure?
• A widened pulse pressure is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Exhalation is which part of ventilation?
• For unresponsive patients, what is the proper order in the primary assessment?
• Which documents are commonly included in advance directives?
• In the 1990s, which organization advocated for a national training curriculum, and which agency began work on the EMS Agenda for the Future?
• Which skull fracture occurs at the base of the skull and may present with Battle's sign and raccoon eyes?
• Transient Ischemic Attacks are best described as episodes that self-resolve within 24 hours with no permanent brain damage.
• Which agents cause dyspnea, cough, wheezing, runny nose, and sore throat and are commonly referred to as choking agents?
• Supine with legs elevated is described as which position?
• Internal respiration takes place between which structures?
• Which pleural layer lines the inside of the chest cavity?
• Which seizure type is most commonly associated with rapidly developed high fever in pediatric patients?
• The term used for the age range of adolescents is which?
• Which structure is the heart's natural pacemaker that sets the heart rate under normal conditions?
• Which condition presents with JVD, respiratory distress, diminished breath sounds, and poor compliance with ventilation after chest trauma, with late tracheal deviation?
• Assisted ventilation is indicated for which of the following?
• Acute coronary syndrome is an umbrella term for conditions caused by myocardial ischemia. Which option correctly names this spectrum?
• Which term best describes moving air in and out of the lungs?
• Which age group has the lowest normal respiratory rate range among those listed?
• In START triage, which color tag corresponds to Dead or Dying?
• Which airway device is inserted through the nostril and is often used in patients who may not be able to protect their airway?
• Cholecystitis most often affects which demographic group?
• The central nervous system comprises which structures?
• In an open abdominal injury with protruding organs, which on-scene action is recommended?
• The appendicular skeleton includes bones of which regions?
• Cellular respiration refers to which process?
• Tertiary blast injuries are caused by:
• Internal respiration is the gas exchange between which structures?
• Head makes up about what percent of the body in newborns?
• Which substance has a very low pH and burns on contact with immediate pain?
• Restlessness, anxiety, irritability, dyspnea, and tachycardia are signs of which stage of hypoxia?
• During which phase do uncontrolled muscle contractions and relaxations occur, often with apnea?
• Which of the following are examples of parenteral medications?
• What does the acronym DNR stand for?
• Which reflex is demonstrated when a baby opens arms wide and spreads fingers?
• Which method is excellent for staircases and small elevators, but does not allow manual cervical spine protection, CPR, or artificial ventilation?
• Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body?
• Which substance has a very high pH and tends to burn deeper than acids, with potentially delayed pain?
• What term describes a child up to one year of age?
• What vascular emergency involves weakening of the abdominal aorta wall that can rupture, causing tearing back pain and a pulsating abdominal mass, especially in geriatric males?
• Which condition is described as open wounds along the digestive tract, often the stomach, with left upper quadrant pain that increases before meals?
• Which term describes a child up to one year of age?
• Oropharyngeal airway is not recommended for which patient group?
• Which term represents the volume of air per minute moved in and out of the lungs?
• What are the three primary categories of shock etiology?
• In the 2000s, which organization identified universal knowledge and skills for EMS professionals through the new National EMS Education Standards (NEMSES) curriculum?
• Which is the largest part of the brain responsible for thought, memory, and senses?
• Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?
• Which infection presents with diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, often due to contaminated food or water, and is described as not contagious?
• Which seizure type preserves awareness and presents with isolated focal motor or sensory symptoms without loss of consciousness?
• What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
• What is the primary muscle of respiration?
• Which burn depth is characterized by epidermal and partial dermal involvement with blistering?
• Medications that inhibit an effect are called?
• Which condition is a life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by massive vasodilation, widespread vascular permeability, and bronchoconstriction, typically occurring within 30 minutes of exposure?
• Which reflex is shown when a baby turns toward a touch on the cheek?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure range for preschoolers?
• Which statement about left-sided congestive heart failure is true?
• The test that measures capillary refill time is called what?
• Acute coronary syndrome includes which of the following conditions?
• Which shock is caused by loss of whole blood or dehydration?
• The stage in which restlessness and tachycardia are present but cyanosis is not yet evident is which?
• Which statement is true about strokes?
• Which airway technique is contraindicated in conscious patients?
• Which airway adjunct is sized by measuring from the tip of the nose to the earlobe?
• Which breathing pattern described in pediatric patients with severe respiratory effort?
• For suspected airborne disease exposure such as tuberculosis, which PPE is recommended?
• What is the primary risk when hollow organs are injured?
• Atmospheric air contains ____ % of oxygen?
• Cardiogenic shock is primarily caused by which mechanism?
• Which of the following is a symptom?
• Which statement accurately describes solid organs?
• Which disease is caused by an inability to metabolize glucose normally due to insulin production problems?
• Which type of shock is defined by low cardiac output due to reduced preload, high afterload, or poor myocardial contractility?
• Which lung infection is commonly a secondary infection and a leading cause of pediatric death, presenting with productive cough and fever?
• What does OSHA stand for?
• What is the study of a drug's effects on the body?
• Which condition presents with painless vaginal bleeding in the third trimester due to placental implantation over the cervical opening?
• At a crime scene, EMS providers should not enter the scene unless it is safe and should maintain what until cleared by law enforcement?
• Which byproduct is associated with using fats as energy sources and is described as dangerous?
• The patient must tell you about these things.
• Which solid organ detoxifies toxins, aids digestion, and produces cholesterol?
• Which class of chemical agents causes skin blistering and eye irritation requiring irrigation?
• Which obstetric emergency is characterized by rupture of the uterus, presenting with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding?
• A rigid suction catheter is also known as which term?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure range for preschoolers?
• Which term describes the amount of air in the respiratory system not including the alveoli?
• Secondary triage is typically performed:
• The somatic nervous system is the voluntary portion of the peripheral nervous system.
• Which is a patient factor that influences heat and cold emergencies?
• Fight or flight: which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for this response?
• Prolonged exposure to stressful situations over time that can lead to burnout is called which type of stress?
• What device is implanted under the skin and connected directly to the heart to treat life-threatening arrhythmias, with energy output lower than an external AED?
• Among toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children, which age group has the highest normal systolic blood pressure?
• Which bone forms the lower portion of the pelvis?
• A pulse pressure below 25% of systolic pressure is commonly associated with which condition?
• Exhaled air contains _____% oxygen?
• Which airway adjunct is sized by measuring from the mouth to the earlobe?
• Which move category includes direct ground lift, extremity lift, direct carry method, and draw sheet method?
• Which heat transfer mechanism is demonstrated by standing near a heater and feeling warmth without direct contact?
• Which skull fracture occurs at the base of the skull and may leak cerebrospinal fluid from the nose or ears?
• A sharp, clean cut is known as what?
• Irrecoverable injury to the brain is likely within how many minutes?
• What term describes organs such as the spleen, liver, kidneys, and pancreas?
• Minimum PPE specifically includes which items?
• Left-sided congestive heart failure is best described by which primary consequence?
• Which of the following is a stimulant that includes caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines?
• Full-thickness burns to the airway, hands, face, feet, or genitalia indicate severe.
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very common infection in which population and is highly contagious?
• Which term is the amount of air in the lungs after completely exhaling?
• By six months, a newborn's weight has typically what?
• Which phase occurs after convulsions subside and the patient slowly regains consciousness?
• Which shock is caused by severe infection that damages blood vessels and leads to poor vascular constriction?
• Which condition involves freezing of tissue with potential permanent damage?
• Which screening tool is commonly used by emergency medical services to screen for stroke symptoms quickly?
• Which condition involves brain compression from increased intracranial pressure and is associated with the Cushing's reflex?
• Which hollow organ positioned beneath the liver collects and stores bile and releases it into the intestine to aid digestion?
• Which device is used for easy positioning with minimal movement and reduces patient discomfort during transfer?
• Which sign is most specific to heatstroke?
• Cerebrovascular accident is another term for which condition?
• What is the typical weight range for a newborn?
• What is the normal systolic blood pressure for an infant?
• Which category includes substances found in gasoline, paints, solvents, sunscreen, and more?
• How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
• Which structure comprises the central nervous system?
• Which type of documentation is based on opinions or perceptions and can be easily disputed?
• Which term describes a scrape to the skin due to surface friction?
• Which brain structure coordinates voluntary movement, fine motor function, and balance?
• Which hollow organ in the RLQ can be easily obstructed, causing inflammation, rupture, etc?
• The age group 12-18 years is best described as which term?
• The sacrum consists of how many fused vertebrae?
• Which pulse rate range is typical for adults?
• Which of the following lists the hollow organs of the body?
• What are the main two systemic effects of cold on the body?
• Which term describes 'wet' or crackling sounds during lung auscultation?
• Which joint moves uniaxially such as the knee?
• Which nervous system division is most active during stress and danger?
• Which statement best describes compensated shock?
• Which joint has limited motion?
• During inhalation, which action expands the thoracic cavity and draws air into the lungs?
• Burns with respiratory compromise are best classified as which level of burn severity?
• If the right ventricle pumps inefficiently, blood backs up in the venous system that feeds into the heart. This describes which condition?
• Crystals formed in the kidneys that cause obstruction and are more likely in males; S/S include severe abdominal pain, groin pain, painful urination, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
• Which drive stimulates breathing when oxygen is low and is less effective than CO2-driven breathing?
• Which position reduces the risk of aspiration in an unresponsive patient with adequate breathing and no suspected c-spine injury?
• AEMT skills plus BiPAP/CPAP, needle decompression, percutaneous cricothyrotomy, ETCO2/capnography, NG/OG tube, intubation, direct laryngoscopy, PEEP, ECG interpretation, manual defibrillation/cardioversion, transcutaneous external pacing, extensive medication administration, thrombolytic therapy corresponds to which level?
• If the patient is pregnant and needs to be on a backboard, they should be placed on which side?
• Exposure to which agents causes pain, burns, and blisters on exposed skin and requires irrigation?
• Which device delivers 1 to 6 L/min and up to 24%-44% O2 delivered?
• What is the primary electrical impulse within the heart, typically firing 60-100 beats per minute?
• Which energy sources cannot be used by the brain, while others can, and their byproducts are dangerous?
• Which reflex is stimulated by touching the lips?
• A patient presents with abdominal pain, fever, dysuria, and pain while walking; nonemergency transport is recommended. Which condition best fits this presentation?
• What term describes a seizure characterized by prolonged convulsions lasting about 30 minutes or recurrent seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between episodes?
• Which statement describes a third-degree burn?
• EMR skills plus humidified oxygen, venturi mask, automated transport ventilators, nasal airways, pulse oximetry, auto BP, assisted medications, spinal immobilization, splinting, tourniquet, MAST/PASG, mechanical CPR, assisted complicated childbirth corresponds to which level?
• Which phase is the recovery period during which, over about 30 minutes, consciousness progressively improves?
• Which chamber pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body under high pressure?
• Which infection presents with abdominal pain, hematuria, painful or frequent urination, fever, nausea, and vomiting?
• Rest and digest: which division of the autonomic nervous system governs digestion and energy conservation?
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for preschoolers?
• Cholecystitis most often presents with pain in which quadrant?
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very common infection in which population?
• Which bone is the lateral bone of the lower leg that pairs with the tibia to form the lower leg?
• Which condition is described as having severe abdominal pain without vaginal bleeding?
• Which immobilization method allows CPR and ventilation and typically requires four people?
• Which statement about the oropharyngeal airway is correct?
• Type 2 diabetes is most commonly caused by which of the following?
• Which stage of labor begins with full cervical dilation and ends with delivery of the baby?
• Which assessment begins once you arrive at the patient and is used to identify and treat life-threatening conditions (including cervical spine precautions)?
• Severe hypoglycemia (insulin shock) commonly presents with which combination?
• Which condition involves air in the pleural space that can occur spontaneously or after trauma, often with diminished lung sounds?
• Death to an area of heart muscle due to lack of oxygenated blood flow through the coronary arteries is called which condition?
• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure is indicated for which patient groups?
• What primarily drives breathing in most healthy individuals?
• Which stage of labor begins after the baby is delivered and ends with delivery of the placenta?
• Which artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
• Which symptom is commonly used in screening strokes?
• Medications that enter the body by routes other than enteral are termed?
• Which scenario requires notification of law enforcement or the medical examiner?
• Which condition occurs when the fetus compresses the inferior vena cava while the mother is lying supine, causing dizziness and hypotension?
• Supplemental oxygen is not needed if there are no signs of respiratory distress and the pulse oximetry is at least what percent?
• The tongue is the number one cause of airway obstruction; however, foreign bodies such as vomit, food, latex balloons, and toys can also obstruct the airway
• Which description matches Oral (PO) medications?
• Which age group has a normal pulse rate range of 70 to 110 beats per minute?
• Penetrating wound corresponds to which of the following?
• Loss of heat to passing air is an example of which heat transfer mechanism?
• Which condition is characterized by insufficient delivery of oxygen to cells?
• Compression of brain tissue due to high intracranial pressure leads to which syndrome, typically presenting with hypertension, bradycardia, and altered respiratory pattern?
• A jagged cut is medically described as which type of wound?
• What is the appropriate dressing for an open pneumothorax?
• Which cylinder has about 3,000 liters of capacity?
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus is typically insulin-dependent and requires which of the following treatments?
• What burn depth is described as full thickness, with dry, leathery skin and no pain?
• Which burn characteristic indicates a severe burn injury?
• Which blood glucose level is considered hypoglycemia?
• Tidal volume is defined as the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath. Which option correctly names tidal volume?
• Adduction is movement ___ the midline.
• Which EMS level includes BiPAP/CPAP and needle decompression?
• What is the preferred manual method of opening the airway in a patient with altered consciousness and no suspected spinal injury?
• Which chamber acts as the primary systemic pump, delivering oxygenated blood to the body?
• What is the normal fasting glucose range (in mg/dL) described in the material?
• In neurogenic shock, the skin is typically warm and dry due to what mechanism?
• Which level trauma center is capable of handling all types of trauma 24/7, including on-site trauma teams, surgical capabilities, trauma intensive care units, and rehabilitation services?
• Which hollow organ occupies both lower abdominal quadrants and is involved in digestion of fats via enzymes as well as the absorption of contents?
• What is the term for the pressure exerted against arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle?
• Which of the following is an example of a trade name?
• Which statement correctly describes Type 2 diabetes prevalence?
• Which head injury involves bleeding beneath the skull above the dura mater and is typically arterial in origin?
• Which solid organ aids digestion, produces insulin, and helps regulate blood glucose levels?
• Scalp injuries can be open or closed and are highly vascular, bleeding heavily when lacerated. This describes which type of injury?
• Which age group has the highest normal pulse rate range among the listed groups?
• What is the normal pulse rate range for adolescents?
• Which airway technique is indicated for an unresponsive patient with suspected cervical spine injury?
• A high-pitched sound indicating partial upper airway obstruction is called what?
• Which condition is characterized by vomiting, decreasing LOC, pupillary changes, unilateral weakness or paralysis, hypertension, changes in respirations, headaches, and seizures?
• EMT skills plus multilumen airways, blood glucose monitoring, IV/IO insertion, medication administration corresponds to which level?
• What term describes an inability to remember events after a head injury?
• Which condition is suggested by vomiting blood, coffee-ground emesis, bloody stool, dark tarry stool, severe back or flank pain, and a pulsating abdominal mass?
• What term describes an inability to recall events before a head injury?
• Which category commonly abused drugs can cause decreased LOC and respiratory depression?
• Digital communication with dispatch and other responding units reduces what?
• Transfer of radiant heat, such as entering a walk-in freezer, is called?
• An open abdominal injury with external organs protruding is called what?
• Which EMS level includes thrombolytic therapy?
• The acronym FACT stands for which four words in order?
• Full-thickness burns covering less than 2% TBSA, partial-thickness less than 15%, and superficial less than 50% TBSA define which severity?
• Which of the following lists the components of the pediatric assessment triangle?
• Beck's triad includes which signs?
• The lack of adequate blood supply to tissue is called what?
• In START triage, which color tag corresponds to Delayed priority?
• The correct rate for artificial ventilation for apneic adults is one breath every ___ to ___ seconds (10 to 12 times per minute).
• Which route is abbreviated as PO?
• Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall leading to bleeding and potential fetal/maternal compromise is called
• There are two portions of the motor division of the PNS. Which term describes these two portions?
• Which stage of shock is characterized by the body's inability to compensate and a falling blood pressure?
• Which condition is defined by a blood glucose of 60 mg/dL or less?
• Full-thickness burns covering more than 10% TBSA indicate severe.
• A systolic pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg defines which condition?
• At what age do infants know their name, recognize parents, walk with assistance, and communicate through crying?
• Which option correctly lists the four phases of a seizure in the correct order?
• A scrape to the skin due to surface friction is called what?
• Which condition commonly presents with cramping, lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and passage of tissue or clots?
• Which type of shock is caused by a pump problem due to mechanical obstruction of the heart muscle?
• Medications that stimulate an effect are called?
• Which drug class includes morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone and can cause coma and severe respiratory depression?
• Which organization published the 1966 paper that is considered the birth of modern EMS?
• What term refers to the amount of air you can still inhale or exhale after a normal breath?
• What is the condition described by a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg?
• Which statement about abdominal pain types is true?
• Which category includes agents used to cause disease and typically present with fever and flu-like symptoms?
• Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?
• Which chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs under low pressure?
• Partial-thickness burns covering more than 30% TBSA would be categorized as which severity?
• Which of the following is an example of a hollow organ?
• Which area is best suctioned by a rigid suction catheter?
• What describes the nature of the patient's medical complaint and is related to the chief complaint but is not the same thing?
• Which device is used for easy positioning with minimal movement and reduces patient discomfort during transfer?
• Findings you can objectively see, feel, hear, or smell.
• Which sign is listed as a manifestation of GI bleeding, often presenting as material in vomit?
• What is the normal pediatric respiratory rate?
• In a contaminated incident, which area requires appropriate PPE and restricts access to those without proper training?
• Which term refers to a name not trademarked and can be used by any manufacturer?
• What term describes a pulse pressure wider than normal (above 50% of systolic pressure)?
• What term describes patient complaints in addition to the chief complaint?
• Decomposition, rigor mortis, dependent lividity, and decapitation are all examples of which category signaling that resuscitation is not necessary?
• Which combination of signs is typical of COPD?